5/29/2013

New Papers (2013/05/21-2013/05/27)

Nature
1.   Minoans came from Europe
Nature 497,412–413(23 May 2013)doi:10.1038/497412d
Ancient DNA from remains found in caves on the Greek island of Crete suggests that the Minoan civilization emerged from farmers who settled on Crete thousands of years beforehand. The authors found 6 mtDNA haplotypes unique to Minoans and 15 that are common in modern and ancient European populations, but none characteristic of present-day African populations. The North African influence on Minoans probably occurred through cultural exchange.

Science
2. Culture, Genes, and the Human Revolution
Simon E. Fisher, Matt Ridley
Science 24 May 2013: Vol. 340 
no. 6135 pp.929-930 DOI: 10.1126/science.1236171 
State-of-the-art DNA sequencing is providing ever more detailed insights into the genomes of humans, extant apes, and even extinct hominins. The discovery of any genetic mutation that coincided with the “human revolution” must take care to distinguish cause from effect. Supposedly momentous changes in our genome may sometimes be a consequence of cultural innovation.

3. More Power from Below
Joseph N. Moore, Stuart F. Simmons
Science 24 May 2013: Vol. 340 
no. 6135 pp. 933-934 DOI: 10.1126/science.1235640
Geothermal heat provides sustainable energy for electricity generation and heating applications. Worldwide use of geothermal energy has increased steadily over the past few decades. They explain about the limitations of geothermal energy extraction, and the use of this resource be increased.

4. Zircon U-Pb Geochronology Links the End-Triassic Extinction with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province
Terrence J. Blackburn, Paul E. Olsen, Samuel A. Bowring, Noah M. McLean, Dennis V. Kent, John Puffer, Greg McHone, E. Troy Rasbury, Mohammed Et-Touhami
Science 24 May 2013: Vol. 340 
no. 6135 pp. 941-945 DOI: 10.1126/science.1234204
The end-Triassic extinction is characterized by major losses in both terrestrial and marine diversity, setting the stage for dinosaurs to dominate Earth for the next 136 million years. Here, we present new zircon uranium-lead (U-Pb) geochronologic constraints on the age and duration of flood basalt volcanism within the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province. 

5. Annually Resolved Ice Core Records of Tropical Climate Variability over the Past ~1800 Years
L. G. Thompson, E. Mosley-Thompson, M. E. Davis, V. S. Zagorodnov, I. M. Howat, V. N. Mikhalenko,P.-N. Lin
Science 24 May 2013: Vol. 340 
no. 6135 pp. 945-950 DOI: 10.1126/science.1234210
Ice cores from low latitudes can provide a wealth of unique information about past climate in the tropics, but they are difficult to recover and few exist. Here, we report annually resolved ice core records from the Quelccaya ice cap (5670 meters above sea level) in Peru that extend back ~1800 years and provide a high-resolution record of climate variability there. 

PNAS
6. Sulfur isotopes in coal constrain the evolution of the Phanerozoic sulfur cycle
Donald E. Canfield
PNAS 2013 110 (21) 8443-8446; published ahead of print May 6, 2013,doi:10.1073/pnas.1306450110
Sulfate is the second most abundant anion (behind chloride) in modern seawater, and its cycling is intimately coupled to the cycling of organic matter and oxygen at the Earth’s surface. The results support previous interpretations of sulfur cycle operation and counter recent suggestions that sulfate has been a minor player in sulfur cycling through the Phanerozoic Eon.

7. Consumers mediate the effects of experimental ocean acidification and warming on primary producers
Christian Alsterberg, Johan S. Eklöf, Lars Gamfeldt, Jonathan N. Havenhand, and Kristina Sundbäck
PNAS 2013 110 (21) 8603-8608; published ahead of print April 29,
2013,doi:10.1073/pnas.1303797110
The importance of experimental designs and statistical analyses allow us to separate and quantify the direct and indirect effects of multiple climate variables on natural communities.

8. Evolution of the plankton paleome in the Black Sea from the Deglacial to Anthropocene
Marco J. L. Coolen, William D. Orsi, Cherel Balkema, Christopher Quince, Keith Harris,Sean P. Sylva, Mariana Filipova-Marinova, and Liviu Giosan
PNAS 2013 110 (21) 8609-8614; published ahead of print May 6,
2013,doi:10.1073/pnas.1219283110
According to paired analysis of deuterium/hydrogen (D/H) isotope ratios in fossil alkenones, salinity increased rapidly with the onset of the dry Subboreal after 5.2 ka B.P., leading to an increase in marine fungi and the first occurrence of marine copepods. A gradual succession of dinoflagellates, diatoms, and chrysophytes occurred during the refreshening after 2.5 ka cal B.P. with the onset of the cool and wet Subatlantic climate and recent anthropogenic perturbations.

Nature Communications
9. Crocodylian diversity peak and extinction in the late Cenozoic of the northern Neotropics
T. M. Scheyer, O. A. Aguilera, M. Delfino, D. C. Fortier, A. A. Carlini, R. Sánchez, J. D. Carrillo-Briceño, L. Quiroz, M. R. Sánchez-Villagra
Nature Communications 4, Article number:1907 doi:10.1038/ncomms2940
They show a diversity peak in sympatric occurrence of at least seven species, based on detailed stratigraphic sequence sampling and correlation, involving four geological formations from the middle Miocene to the Pliocene, and on the discovery of two new species and a new occurrence.

10. A new Late Triasssic phytogeographical scenario in westernmost Gondwana
Silvia N Césari, Carina E Colombi
Nature Communications 4, Article number 1889 doi:10.1038/ncomms2917
In the Late Triassic, southern Gondwanan flora is thought to have been dominated by endemic species mainly restricted to eastern areas with some mixing with northern species. In this study, pollen and spore assemblages from Argentina reveal the presence of these mixed flora in the westernmost Gondwana as well.

11. Development of Middle Stone Age innovation linked to rapid climate change
Martin Ziegler, Margit H. Simon, Ian R. Hall, Stephen Barker, Chris Stringer, Rainer Zahn
Nature Communications 4,Article number:1905 doi:10.1038/ncomms2897
The South African archaeological record contains evidence of the early flourishing of the human mind. Ziegler et al. provide new paleoclimate reconstructions, which suggest that rapid fluctuations in global climate have played a key role in the evolution of these early human cultures.

Geology
12. The progressive evolution of a continental climate in southeast-central European lowlands during the Middle Pleistocene recorded in loess paleosol sequences
Björn Buggle, Ulrich Hambach, Martin Kehl, Slobodan B. Marković, Ludwig Zöller, and Bruno Glaser
Geology, first published on May 24, 2013, doi:10.1130/G34198.1
We conclude that a small-scale increase in paleoelevation of central European mountain ranges (the Alps, Carpathians, and Dinarides) during the Middle Pleistocene might be the cause of the progressive increase in climate continentality of southeast European lowlands.


13. The Miocene elevation of Mount Everest
Aude Gébelin, Andreas Mulch, Christian Teyssier, Micah J. Jessup, Richard D. Law, and Maurice Brunel
Geology, first published on May 24, 2013, doi:10.1130/G34331.1
Mean elevations similar to modern suggest that an early Himalayan rain shadow may have influenced the late Early Miocene climatic and rainfall history to the north of the Himalayan chain.

14. Sulfate availability and the geological record of cold-seep deposits
Thomas F. Bristow and John P. Grotzinger
Geology, first published on May 24, 2013, doi:10.1130/G34265.1
The low [SO42−]SW has been linked to widespread ocean anoxia in the early Paleozoic, an environmental condition thought to have influenced the evolution, extinction, and recovery of early animals.

15. Rock magnetic record of the Triassic-Jurassic transition in pelagic bedded chert of the Inuyama section, Japan
Alexandra Abrajevitch, Rie S. Hori, and Kazuto Kodama
Geology, first published on May 24, 2013, doi:10.1130/G34343.1

The stepwise change in magnetic properties is suggestive of the protracted environmental deterioration, likely prompted by the early episodes of the CAMP volcanism, which was followed by a sudden ocean acidification event, perhaps triggered by a catastrophic release of gas hydrates.

5/28/2013

新着論文(AGU, EGUほか)2013.5.20-26


AGU
○G3
特になし

○GRL
The Pacific meridional mode as a trigger for ENSO in a high-resolution coupled model
Sarah Larson, Ben Kirtman

The influence of sea level rise and changes in fringing reef morphology on gradients in alongshore sediment transport
A.E. Grady, L.J. Moore, C.D. Storlazzi, E. Elias, M.A. Reidenbach
海水準上昇とサンゴ礁の悪化がローカルな地形に与える影響をハワイのMolokaiをモデルケースにして評価。岸に沿った方向に広がったサンゴ礁ほど影響を被りやすいことがモデルから示された。

Variability in the width of the tropics and the annular modes
J. Kidston, C. W. Cairns, P. Paga
ハドレーセルの縁と偏西風の関係をGCMで評価。

Can natural variability explain observed Antarctic sea ice trends? New modeling evidence from CMIP5
Lorenzo M. Polvani, Karen L. Smith
近年南極周辺の海氷範囲は拡大しており、温暖化によって海氷が融けるという予想に反する。さらに悪いことに、気候モデルは「温室効果ガスの増加と成層圏のオゾンの減少は海氷を後退させる」と予想している。4つのモデルを用いて食い違いの原因を検証。現在見られている南極の海氷の変動は自然変動の範疇にあり、人為起源と結論づけることは難しい。

○JGR-Oceans
Integrating satellite observations and modern climate measurements with the recent sedimentary record: An example from Southeast Alaska
Jason A. Addison, Bruce P. Finney, John M. Jaeger, Joseph S. Stoner, Richard D. Norris, Alexandra Hangsterfer
アラスカ南東部のフィヨルドで得られた堆積物コアから過去100年間の環境復元。Br/Cl比がPDOの指標になるらしい。

Observed intraseasonal thermocline variability in the Bay of Bengal
M. S Girishkumar, M. Ravichandran, W. Han

○Paleoceanography
今回はなし

○GBC
Processes affecting greenhouse gas production in experimental boreal reservoirs
Jason J. Venkiteswaran, Sherry L. Schiff, Vincent L. St. Louis, Cory J. D. Matthews, Natalie M. Boudreau, Elizabeth M. Joyce, Kenneth G. Beaty, R. Andrew Bodaly
陸が浸水することでCO2CH4をはじめとする温室効果ガスを放出する。5年間にわたって行われたFlooded Upland Dynamics Experiment (FLUDEX)の結果について。

Global trends in surface ocean pCO2 from in situ data
A. R. Fay, G.A. McKinley
海洋は人為起源のCO2を吸収するため、間接的に気候変化を緩和している。1981-2010年にかけての全球スケールの海洋表層水のpCO2のトレンドを評価。熱帯・亜熱帯域の表層水pCO2は大気のpCO2上昇にほぼ並行している。赤道大西洋の場合、温暖化によって海洋表層pCO2は大気pCO2よりも早く上昇しており、吸収能力が低下している。高緯度の海はデータが著しく不足しているが、南大洋周辺の海洋表層pCO2 Southern Annular ModeSAM)などの気候変動によって大きく影響を受けている。

☆EGU★
○Climate of the Past
今回はなし

☆GSA★
○GSA Bulletin
今回はなし

☆Extra★
○JGR-Atm
A model-based test of accuracy of seawater oxygen isotope ratio record derived from a coral dual proxy method at southeastern Luzon Island, the Philippines
Gang Liu, Keitaro Kojima, Kei Yoshimura, Takashi Okai, Atsushi Suzuki, Taikan Oki, Fernando P. Siringan, Minoru Yoneda, Hodaka Kawahata
フィリピン・ルソン島から得られたハマサンゴのSr/Caδ18Oから1979-2001年の海水δ18Oの変動を復元。1次元ボックスモデルからうまく再現することができた。一部見られる季節変動の食い違いは、サンゴの生息場所における混合層の深さや湧昇などが原因と考えられる。

○Radiocarbon
Comparison of 14C and U-Th Ages in Corals from IODP #310 Cores Offshore Tahiti
Nicolas Durand, Pierre Deschamps, Edouard Bard, Bruno Hamelin, Gilbert Camoin, Alexander L Thomas, Gideon M Henderson, Yusuke Yokoyama, Hiroyuki Matsuzaki
IODP310のタヒチにおいて得られた化石サンゴからINTCAL較正曲線に多数データを追加(特にMWP-1aが起きた付近の16-14ka)。これまでタヒチの礁嶺において得られた陸上掘削よりもはるかに古いデータが得られた(例えばBard et al., 1998)。

Integration of the Old and New Lake Suigetsu (Japan) Terrestrial Radiocarbon Calibration Data Sets
Richard Andrew Staff, Gordon Schlolaut, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Fiona Brock, Charlotte L Bryant, Hiroyuki Kitagawa, Johannes van der Plicht, Michael H Marshall, Achim Brauer, Henry F Lamb, Rebecca L Payne, Pavel E Tarasov, Tsuyoshi Haraguchi, Katsuya Gotanda, Hitoshi Yonenobu, Yusuke Yokoyama, Takeshi Nakagawa, Suigetsu 2006 Project Members
水月湖において掘削された年縞堆積物コア(SG06)中の植物片から、INTCAL較正曲線に多数データを追加。ほぼ大気と同等に見なせる550点の放射性炭素のデータが新たに追加された。SG93243点のデータも加えて、過去52.8ka808点にわたる、リザーバー効果に影響されない放射性炭素のデータを報告。

Atmospheric Radiocarbon for the Period 1950–2010
Quan Hua, Mike Barbetti, Andrzej Z Rakowski
木の年輪から得られた、1950-2010年にかけての季節レベルの大気14CO2記録を報告。北半球を3つ、南半球を2つに分けている。

Decadal Changes in Bomb-Produced Radiocarbon in the Pacific Ocean from the 1990s to 2000s
Yuichiro Kumamoto, Akihiko Murata, Takeshi Kawano, Shuichi Watanabe, Masao Fukasawa
1990年代のWOCEの際に広く海洋表層水の核実験由来の14Cが測定された。その後2000年代に再度同じ測線で測定された(CLIVAR)。太平洋の7本の測線の時間変化を報告。亜寒帯・赤道域の鉛直構造には大きな変化は確認されなかった。亜熱帯域では、太平洋の北西部と南部とでは大きな違いがあり、前者はbomb-14C濃度が著しく低下しているのに対し、後者は逆に温度躍層の下部で増加していた(SAMWによる取り込み?)。温度躍層水の気体交換の時間の違いが原因と考えられる。

Simulated Last Glacial Maximum ∆14Catm and the Deep Glacial Ocean Carbon Reservoir
Véronique Mariotti, D Paillard, D M Roche, N Bouttes, L Bopp
氷期の大気中のΔ14C420 ± 80 ‰だと報告されている(産業革命以前は0‰)が、大気上層の生成率炭素循環による分配がその原因を担っていると考えられている。アイスコア10Beからは磁場変動だけでは200 ± 200 ‰しか説明できないと考えられており、残り220‰が炭素循環によるものと思われる。
 一つの案としては、'南大洋の成層化の強化'だけで「大気中のCO2濃度の低下(~180ppm)」および「δ13Cの変化」を大部分説明できると考えられている。そうした深層水はΔ14Cが非常に低く、それが大気に放出された時に大気Δ14Cを低下させたと考えられている。
 大気上層の14C生成率と14Cリザーバー間の相互作用を考慮し、CLIMBER-2モデルを用いて南大洋の'鉄肥沃(iron fertilization)効果''brine''生成率'の3つの作用を評価した。brineでかなりの部分を説明することが可能で、さらにモデルで初めてpCO2δ13CΔ14Cのすべての変化をうまく再現することができた。