新着論文紹介(2013.7.23) Nature, Science, PNAS
◉Nature
1.Conserved coasts curb storm damage
Nature 499,
256 (18 July 2013) doi:10.1038/499256a
2.Biogeochemistry: Carbon dioxide and water use in
forests
Belinda Medlyn & Martin De Kauwe
Nature 499, 287–289 (18 July 2013)
doi:10.1038/nature12411
3.Increase in forest water-use efficiency as
atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations rise
Trevor F. Keenan, David Y. Hollinger, Gil Bohrer, Danilo Dragoni, J.
William Munger, Hans Peter Schmid & Andrew D. Richardson
Nature 499, 324–327 (18 July 2013)
doi:10.1038/nature12291
From the
eddy-covariance data, the authors find a substantial increase in water-use
efficiency (the ratio of water loss to carbon gain) in the forest of the
Northern Hemishpere over the past two decades. The obsereved increase in forest
water-use efficiency is larger than that predicted by existing theory and
models. This increase is associated with trends of increasing photosynthesis
and net carbon uptake, and decreasing evapotranspiration.
◉Science
4.Ice-Shelf
Melting Around Antarctica
E. Rignot, S.
Jacobs, J. Mouginot, and B. Scheuchl
Science 19 July
2013: 266-270. [DOI:10.1126/science.1235798]
Antarctic ice-shelf
melting is estimated.
The giant ice shelves (Ross, Filchner and Ronne) account for only 15 ％ of net melting. Half of the meltwater comes
from 10 small ice shelves. A similar melt/area ratio is found for six East
Antarctic ice shelves. This result implys that undocumented strong ocean
thermal forcing has an influence on the deep grounding lines.
◉PNAS
5.Bomb-curve radiocarbon measurement of recent biologic tissues and
applications to wildlife forensics and stable isotope (paleo)ecology
Kevin T. Uno, Jay Quade, Daniel C. Fisher, George Wittemyer, Iain
Douglas-Hamilton, Samuel Andanje, Patrick Omondi, Moses Litoroh, and Thure E.
Cerling
PNAS 2013 110 (29) 11736-11741; doi:10.1073/pnas.1302226110
The accuracy of AMS radiocarbon dating of herbivore and plant tissues
is tested. Tissues formed after 1955 are dated to within 0.3-1.3 yr of
formation, whereas tissues older than ca. 1955 have high age uncertainities (＞17 yr) due to the Suess effect.
41 additional samples is used to determine growth rates of tusks,
molars, and hair, which improve interpretations of serial stable isotope data
for paleoecological studies.
14C dating can also be used to calculate the time interval represented
in periodic histological structures in dental tissues, which may be used as
chronometers in fossil teeth.
Bomb-curve 14C dating of animal tissues can be used to determine
whether trade of the item is legal.
6.Improved El Niño forecasting by cooperativity detection
Josef Ludescher, Avi Gozolchiani, Mikhail I. Bogachev, Armin Bunde,
Shlomo Havlin, and Hans Joachim Schellnhuber
PNAS 2013 110 (29) 11742-11745; published ahead of print July 1, 2013,
doi:10.1073/pnas.1309353110
A unique El Nino prediction is shown based on network methods. A
large-scale cooperative mode (linking the El Nino basin and the rest of the
ocean) builds up in the calendar year before the warming event. On this basis,
we can develop an efficient12-month forecasting scheme.
7.Size distribution dynamics reveal particle-phase chemistry in organic
aerosol formation
Manabu Shiraiwa, Lindsay D. Yee, Katherine A. Schilling, Christine L.
Loza, Jill S. Craven, Andreas Zuend, Paul J. Ziemann, and John H. Seinfeld
PNAS 2013 110 (29) 11746-11750; published ahead of print July 1, 2013,
doi:10.1073/pnas.1307501110
8.Gene flow from North Africa contributes to differential human genetic
diversity in southern Europe
Laura R. Botigué, Brenna M. Henn, Simon Gravel, Brian K. Maples,
Christopher R. Gignoux, Erik Corona, Gil Atzmon, Edward Burns, Harry Ostrer,
Carlos Flores, Jaume Bertranpetit, David Comas, and Carlos D. Bustamante
PNAS 2013 110 (29) 11791-11796; published ahead of print June 3, 2013,
doi:10.1073/pnas.1306223110
◉Nature Communications
9.Distinct iron isotopic
signatures and supply from marine sediment dissolution
William B. Homoky, Seth G. John, Tim M.
Conway & Rachel A. Mills
Nature Communications 4, Article number: 2143
doi:10.1038/ncomms3143
The authors present the first pore water iron isotope data from a
passive-tectonic and semi-arid ocean margin (South Africa), which reveals a smaller
and isotopically heavier flux of dissolved iron to sea water than
active-tectonic and dysoxic continental margins. These data provide in situ
evidence of non-reductive iron dissolution from a continental margin, and show
that geological and hydro-climatic factors may affect the amount and isotopic
composition of iron entering the ocean.
